Dorian and I wanted to try
something a bit different for discussing Giorgio Bassani’s 1962 novel The Garden
of the Finzi-Continis, and a bit last minute decided to send a few thoughts
to one another and then post those with the other’s responses. I’m grateful
that Dorian was kind enough to go first; I’ve now reciprocated, following his
pattern here and grouping a few observations around some general topics to
which he has responded. (Other bloggers who have joined in reading Bassani's novel are listed at the end of this exchange; I'll put up links to any others as they appear).
Looking forward, Scott! I’ll write my responses in italics below yours.
I want to start by focusing
on some narrative and stylistic elements lying a little outside my emotional
response to the work, which – perhaps especially on the second reading – was
significant. I was moved by the ending, by the vacuum it created that then
allows the weight of all that Bassani has so cleverly kept “off stage”
throughout the novel - by his homing in on the ways in which the characters
largely go about their lives as though the mounting intolerance and oppression
will pass – to collapse in on itself like a black hole. The “Garden” of the
title is obviously an Edenic paradise, one that is even enclosed – literally –
by a wall of angels, the “Mura degli Angeli.” I kept wondering where the
serpent hid in this metaphor, perhaps in one of the garden’s many trees that
Micòl catalogued and loved so well. More precisely, though, when, exactly, is
the moment of the loss of this Eden?
Paradises are definitely
made to be lost. I hadn’t noticed the reference to the angels! But if you were
to keep to this metaphor, would Micòl be Eve? That would make me uncomfortable.
She might be presented as a temptress earlier in the novel but by the end he
rejection of the narrator is carefully thought-through.
One particular stylistic
element that leapt out at me in the novel is Bassani’s notable treatment of:
Space/Interiors/Exteriors
Dorian, you’ve written
about the distinctions Bassani makes within the small Ferrarese Jewish
community. One gets such a sense in the remarkable synagogue scene of how Bassani
uses the temple’s space to highlight those distinctions, through the relegation
of women to an upstairs space enclosed behind a grille to the arrangement of
benches used by particular families that suggest an arrangement according to
status and class. Similarly, Bassani uses the walls and long paths of the
Finzi-Contini estate to emphasize its isolation from the rest of Ferrara. I was
struck repeatedly by how space in the novel takes on fluid, relativistic
qualities. For example, one can never quite get a sense of the garden’s layout,
nor of that of the house. They are more like dream-spaces, idealized as though
infinite even within their confines. We are treated to many strange interiors,
and many more small “compartments”: the communicating study and library
of Professor Ermanno; Alberto’s close and almost timeless room, with its
refined aesthetic; Micòl’s bedroom with its glass menagerie; the living room in
which the narrator’s father sleeps; the garden hutte, the subterranean
chamber by Ferrara’s walls; even the Finzi-Continis’ tennis court itself, the
roughly defined dimensions of which seem, as the threats to its existence as a
haven close in, to push out as though in protest. Bassini gives us some
striking descriptions of interiors, for example of Micòl’s room and of
Professor Ermanno’s study – even of the elevator that (rather surreally) takes
the narrator up to Micòl’s room. What to make of this? I’m struck by how
unusual it is to find in a novel a combination of such a careful and granular,
almost geometrically crafted approach to the spaces the characters
inhabit and pass through (apparently Bassani revised and reworked the novel
extensively and intensively) and at the same time a narrative that feels so
deeply and emotionally rooted in personal experience. There’s something nearly
classical about it.
Love these thoughts—smart
and helpful. The novel’s use of space is, as you say, striking. Sometimes so
carefully and clearly articulated, and at other times vague and hard to make
sense of. In his essay “The Uncanny” Freud connects, through his reading of the
great Hoffmann story “The Sandman,” architectural space with psychological
states. And I wonder if a similar connection isn’t happening here. You spurred
my thoughts in this regard by your brilliant observation about the tennis
court, “the roughly defined dimensions of which seem, as the threats to its
existence as a haven close in, to push out as though in protest.” The idea that
space is changeable indeed seems to reflect or correlate to the changing
political circumstances the Jewish characters find themselves in—and to the
corresponding changes in mental state.
Following this way of
thinking, do you think we could consider the architecture of the Finzi-Contini
home—which as you note is at once described with great precision and oddly
vague (how the hell do all those rooms
connect to each other?)—as a form of resistance to the restrictions being
placed on its inhabitants and their fellow Jews? Of course, that resistance is
ultimately futile—the idyll is breached, the inhabitants of Eden ejected and
murdered—so maybe this idea isn’t particularly effective. But I wondered if
Bassani, through has oddly imprecise use of space at strategic moments, was
trying to keep something in reserve, as it were, some magic, for lack of a
better word, that the Germans couldn’t destroy. After all, the vagueness seems
deliberate, given the precision offered elsewhere—an instructive comparison are
Malnate’s rooms, which are rendered much more clearly, transparently: we could
draw a floor plan if we had to, which I don't think we could do with the
Finzi-Contini home.
On another note, I loved
the elevator scene. It reminded me of the ones in Proust, with the narrator in
the hotel at Balbec. I don’t think Perotti is like the lift-boy—he’s not trying
to cruise the narrator, for one thing—so I’m not sure if there is anything more
to this comparison than, “Hey, I know another book with an elevator in it.” In
Bassani, the elevator is another emblem of the strange relationship between
elitism/specialness/separateness and modernity. Perotti admires it but also
distrusts it because it’s American. The elevator reminds me of the telephones:
a modern technology that at least promises to connect people, but that sits
uneasily with the Finzi-Continis rejection of modernity.
BTW I love the Glass Menagerie
connection. I bet Bassani knew it.
Literature
This novel is full to
overflowing with literature; I can scarcely begin to catalog Bassani’s
references. Despite my having largely focused on reading Italian authors the
past couple of years, Garden left me acutely aware of how little I know
on the subject. One of the frustrations in reading the novel in translation and
as an outsider is not being able to piece together all of the Italian
references, and in particular to get a clear sense of the meaning of the
narrator’s literary interests. For Micòl, with her choice to write on Emily
Dickinson, this appears a bit easier, given that despite her extroversion and
the glow of life she carries about her, she herself is a rather Dickinsonian
figure, ensconced away in the highest room of a remote mansion in the center of
a seemingly infinite park. I had a harder time understanding the
narrator’s decision to focus on Enrico Panzacchi as his dissertation topic: a
minor late 19th century poet about whom, unfortunately, I can find very
little in English. Curious too is his decision to shift from what appears from
his description to have been a more well thought out idea for a dissertation on
several 16th century Italian painters, though this appears to be
tangentially connected to the growing anti-Jewish sentiment, which has
apparently resulted in the art historian at the University of Bologna – “one of
the leading figures of Italian Jewry” - losing his post (to be replaced by the
famous – and goy – art critic Roberto Longhi, another instance where
Bassani’s fiction hews closely to real events). I wondered if this might be a
subtle way of revealing the damages wrought by the laws, that they change the
narrator’s course of study from what is arguably the greatest explosion of
artistic talent in Italian history to a concern with a minor writer little
known outside academic circles. The uses to which Bassani puts literature are
manifold; beyond that one must also see Garden as not just a story of
Fascism intersecting with young love, but also of the development of a writer,
of a “vocation of solitude.”
Again, very interesting and
beautifully put. I barely know anything about Dickinson and nothing about
Panzacchi. But I think you are right about “minor-ness.” In the 1930s Dickinson
was probably not the force, intellectually speaking she is now, especially not
in Italy, I would think. But it seems fitting that Micòl goes for the more
famous figure. The narrator’s marginality is on display here. That makes me
think of the conversation about “Bartleby” in which the narrator ends up taking
the side of the lawyer, and Micòl reproaches him for his conformism and lack of
imagination. I don’t know how to square that with his later resistance work,
but I am reminded of an earlier exchange with Professor Ermanno. The Professor
mentions his work on the inscriptions on the graves in the Jewish cemetery in
Venice. His research led him only to write “two slim essays” in which he
“merely expound[ed] the facts… without venturing any interpretation on the
subject.” A couple of pages later, the narrator admiringly references a book by
another scholar, a book that “confined itself merely to touching on the
subject: masterfully, but without exploring it deeply.”
I’m not sure how to put all
this together, but I think it’s significant that the narrator’s scholarly work
is connected to superficiality. Another commentary on his character? Or should
we take him seriously when he (and the Professor) values the circumspection of
staying on the surface?
Remembrance
and Witnessing
I group the following thoughts
around this heading in part to elicit your thoughts as a professor of Holocaust
literature and as someone versed in its varieties of remembrance. Among the
most powerful elements of Garden for me was the manner in which Bassani
portrays the incremental quality of Fascism’s effects on the community, and the
ways by which the characters adjust and adapt. In focusing on the bright lives
that go on, playing, within the Mura degli Angeli in the Finzi-Contini’s
paradise, Bassani keeps the outside world’s events off on the periphery
(another example of his structural use of space, a kind of concatenated solar
system with Micòl the sun at its center). Yet those events nonetheless intrude
from time to time into this little garden of Eden, drop by drop like a water
torture, creating an increasingly intolerable accretion. Interestingly, the
first drop may be the narrator’s memory of a Passover seder in 1933
coinciding with the infornata del Decennale, Fascism’s tenth
anniversary, where the narrator recalls seeing in his father’s face, despite
his father’s approval of Fascism’s rise, “a shadow of chagrin…a stumbling
block, a little obstacle, unforeseen and unpleasant.” The first sign of a
concrete deprivation is not even the letter informing Jewish members of the Villa
d’Este tennis club that they are no longer welcome, but the rumor of
such a letter. Later, we learn in the margins about a Finzi-Contini uncle
dismissed from his job with the state railroad; the replacement of the Jewish
art historian at Bologna; two young Jewish tennis players who, on the verge of
winning a championship match, have the game called with the excuse of oncoming
night serving to prevent the embarrassing situation of their being declared
winners. Such events reach the chief characters too, as Micòl relates her tale
of a Fascist on her dissertation committee objecting to the proposal that she
be bestowed honors, and the narrator recounting his having been ordered out of
the library reading room he’d considered “a second home.” Almost none of these
incidents is presented directly; all are recounted to others, with the
exception of the narrator describing to the reader near the novel’s end his
having been threatened and called a “dirty Jew!” after making sarcastic
comments in a cinema. One is left with hints of an almost ghost narrative,
allusions to events outside those at the novel’s bright core, conveying a
closing in, an inevitability of the catastrophe vouchsafed in the prologue. An
aspect of the well-regarded film version by Vittorio de Sica I disliked is de
Sica’s failure to respect these deliberate omissions by Bassani. For instance,
de Sica shows the Finzi-Continis being rounded up, even shows them in a
detention center awaiting deportation. He even shows Micòl in the hutte with
Malnate, the narrator watching through the window, whereas Bassani leaves
ambiguous the question of whether the narrator, in his petty jealousy, has
completely invented this relationship.
I found this depiction of
the slow removal of liberties, the gradual chipping away at the Jewish
community, to be the most powerful element in the novel. Among the most central
questions pertaining to the Holocaust is: “How did this happen?” Bassani may
not seek an encompassing answer to that question, but he is certainly interested,
as an artist, in depicting and questioning the characters’ reactions to these
small events, in the inquietude, denial, acquiescence, contempt and other
responses with which they confront each new indignity (one response is, of
course, to write, and the narrator is the one figure in the novel we know to
have begun as acquiescent to Fascism – he’s noted as having won a young Fascist
writing contest - to a rejection and renunciation of those who seem resigned to
it). Bassani strikes me a one of the few writers of the Holocaust (Aleksander
Tišma is another) who convey so well the moment when such restrictive measures
reach a tipping point, and the brutal knock on the door represents the abrupt
culmination of a force that has been building in plain sight but which, for
reasons including the above reactions, was not stopped. What Bassani achieves
so beautifully and heartbreakingly at the end of The Garden of the
Finzi-Continis is to leave the reader sitting quietly with the events
described, contemplating and conjuring the vital, intelligent, beautiful Micòl
and, around her, all the exuberance of life, the aspirations and unfulfilled
loves that Fascism and Nazism snuffed out. Perhaps the least prominent but most
important character in the novel is the innocent young Giannina from the
novel’s prologue, the “extraordinary tenderness” of whose comment about the
Etruscans having been “also alive once” sets the author’s motion in memory, and
provides the long view of history, of the many peoples who have lived and have
passed, of the almost instinctual and constitutional importance of remembering.
Again, nicely put. So much
to think about here. Your last comments—and I agree the child’s statement is
crucial, but I did find it a bit heavy-handed—make me wonder how we’re to
understand the relationship between history and memory. Is there a difference
between things that happened in the past a long time ago to people we don’t
know and those that happened more recently to those we did? Another way to get
at this would be to wonder why it is that the narrator can only start to tell
his story when he can think of it as history rather than as memory? Why does it
take the Etruscans for him to tell the story of the Jews of Ferrara?
As to the slow drip of
menace that leads to a tipping point: absolutely. In his famous history of the
Shoah, Raul Hilberg distinguishes between the stages of European anti-Semitism.
For many centuries, he says, non-Jews said to Jews: You cannot live among us as
Jews (i.e. forced conversion). Later, especially in the early years of National
Socialism (it’s not a precise time-table by any means, but still useful),
non-Jews said to Jews: You cannot live among us (i.e. forced emigration). And
then, as codified at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942 but not decided
there, non-Jews said to Jews: You cannot live (extermination). The point is
that most historians of the Holocaust are functionalists rather than
intentionalists—the Holocaust is a function of many events, not the result of
Hitler’s/the Nazis’ intention.
At the same time, I would
note that the drip-drip quality you note in Bassani (and your close readings of
the mediated quality of the news are so brilliant) has a lot to do with the
particular historical situation. For many Jews in Eastern Europe, for example,
the Holocaust came much more rapidly, especially in the Ukraine and other parts
of the Soviet Union. The situation of Jews in Italy was a bit different, since
fascism there wasn’t anti-Semitic to any great extent until quite late in the
1930s. None of this is to take away from what you’re saying—it’s just to point
out the particular situation. And to be sure there are many texts by or about
Jews in Germany and Austria in particular that describe the same kind of
chipping away of life that Bassani offers us here. Ruth Klüger’s amazing memoir
Still Alive is just one example.
The more I think about
Bassani’s novel, the more I think about it as a portrayal of a survivor, in
which the guilt, depression, and deadened affect so many felt (Levi writes
about this so well) is being retrospectively displaced on to the narrator’s
pre-war life. If I think about it this way, I’m able to take the narrator
better than I otherwise can. But I still wonder: why that displacement. Part of
me thinks a fundamental conformism inheres in the narrator, despite his work
for the Resistance.
Thanks for sharing these
thoughts, Scott, and for letting me respond. We can keep the conversation going
in the comments, I hope. And I’d love for others to join in.
Among those who have already joined in are Jacqui, Meredith and Grant of JacquiWine's Journal, Dolce Bellezza, and 1streading's Blog, respectively. Please read their reviews/commentaries on The Garden of the Finzi-Continis in the links!
Images by Filippo de Pisis, b. Ferrara 1896, d. Milan 1956
